What was the result of the 2000 presidential race between George W. Bush and Al Gore?

What was the purpose of the North American Free Trade Agreement?

It eliminated all tariffs and trade barriers among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Which of the following represents President George W. Bush's policy of preemption?

His resolution to invade Iraq in March 2003

What was the result of the congressional elections of 1994?

Republican majorities in the House and Senate

What was the result of the 2000 presidential race between George W. Bush and Al Gore?

Bush won the Electoral College vote.

Why did Bill Clinton's ambitious plan for health care reform fail early in his presidency?

Liberals and conservatives both opposed it.

Which of the following occurred in the aftermath of the March 2003 invasion of Iraq?

Bush and his advisors were unprepared for the subsequent social and political chaos in Iraq.

Which of the following describes 1992 presidential candidate Bill Clinton and his running mate, Al Gore?

They identified as “New Democrats” who wanted to rid the party of its liberal image.

Which organization authorized the use of force against Iraq if it did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991?

The United Nations

Which of the following statements describes President George W. Bush's No Child Left Behind Act?

It passed with bipartisan support.

Why did President Clinton launch air strikes against Iraq in 1993?

The United States uncovered an Iraqi plot to assassinate President Bush.

Which of the following characterizes Operation Desert Storm of 1991?

It was a war that President George H. W. Bush waged with the consent of Congress and widespread American support.

Why did George H. W. Bush ultimately abandon his no-new-taxes pledge?

He had inherited a huge budget deficit from the Reagan administration.

How did the Soviet Union respond to increased U.S. production of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and the American nuclear buildup in Europe?

Which of the following describes the Bay of Pigs invasion?

The invasion was an unmitigated disaster.

What happened during the Tet Offensive of January 1968?

The Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces attacked key cities and every major American base in South Vietnam.

Of the more than 7,500 American women who served in the Vietnam War, most served as

nurses.

What did the War Powers Act of 1973 stipulate?

The president had to secure congressional approval for any substantial, long-term deployment of troops abroad.

Who constituted about 80 percent of American troops in Vietnam?

Poor and working-class Americans

Which of the following describes the thirteen-day Cuban missile crisis of 1962?

It brought the world's two superpowers perilously close to nuclear war.

How did the Soviet Union respond to increased U.S. production of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and the American nuclear buildup in Europe?

It stepped up its own ICBM program.

What was the impact of the American movement to stop the Vietnam War?

It brought the war to the center of media attention and severely limited the Johnson administration's options.

By 1990, about what percentage of married women with young children worked outside the home?

60 percent

What was President Reagan's initial strategy to fix the lagging U.S. economy?

Introduce a massive tax cut

Which of the following economic developments characterized Jimmy Carter's presidency?

The president cut federal spending in order to compensate for rising inflation.

Some of the most vigorous support for the growing grassroots conservative movement of the 1970s came from which group?

Middle-class suburban men and women in the Sun Belt

Who founded the Moral Majority in 1979?

Jerry Falwell, to fight left-wing social welfare bills

Following the 1972 election, Americans learned that President Nixon and his associates had been guilty of

harassing “enemies” through illegal means.

What was one of President Carter's major accomplishments in mediating the political crises in the Middle East?

Convincing Egypt to recognize Israel and Israel to gradually withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula

When he took office in 1976, President Carter promised to approach American foreign policy

by applying human rights principles.

How did President Carter respond to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979?

He barred U.S. athletes from participating in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

Ronald Reagan's appointments to the federal court system tended to favor

a strict construction of the Constitution that limits judicial power.

What was the status of the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union at the time President Reagan left office in 1989?

They had reached their highest level of cooperation since World War II.

What did the independent prosecutor charged with investigating the Iran-Contra scandal conclude about President Reagan and Vice President George Bush?

Both had knowingly participated or at least acquiesced in covering up the scandal.

Which of the following describes the agenda of the new conservative movement of the 1970s?

It criticized the government's intrusion into the individual's economic life as a hindrance to prosperity and personal responsibility.

What did the Reagan administration do when Congress blocked its efforts to help opponents of the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua?

It acted secretly and illegally to undermine congressional authority.

What was the result of President Reagan's pledge to reduce federal spending?

Cuts in spending for social welfare programs

Why did many Cuban people support the uprising led by Fidel Castro against Fulgencio Batista in 1959?

In her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan argued that

the idealization of domesticity pressured women to seek fulfillment in serving others.

Why did many Cuban people support the uprising led by Fidel Castro against Fulgencio Batista in 1959?

They had a strong desire for political and economic autonomy.

What did “Operation Wetback” reveal about most white Americans?

They generally opposed the permanent immigration of Mexicans.

How did the United States react to the Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik in 1957?

It passed legislation providing support for students in math, foreign languages, science, and technology.

What was one cause of the unparalleled material abundance of the United States in the 1950s?

A population increase of almost 30 million

How did rock and roll challenge American social and cultural norms in the 1950s?

It was sexually suggestive.

Between 1955 and 1961, the United States spent $800 million in South Vietnam, most of it to

fund the South Vietnamese army.

In most cities during the 1950s, the black population

doubled as African Americans sought economic opportunities.

Why were the South and West sometimes referred to as the Gun Belt?

The regions had captured the lion's share of Cold War spending.

In which of the following ways did television affect U.S. politics in the 1950s?

It allowed candidates to appeal directly to voters in their homes, which elevated the importance of politicians' personal attractiveness.

What did anti-Communist zealot Senator Joseph McCarthy do that led to his condemnation by the U.S. Senate?

He conducted televised hearings in which he charged that the U.S. army was full of Communists.

Drawing on the example of the Beats, the counterculture of the 1960s

rejected mainstream values such as materialism.

How did the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 change U.S. immigration policy?

It abolished the national-origins quota system.

Which statement describes the Mississippi Freedom Summer Project of 1964?

It put northern college students to work helping blacks register to vote.

In its 1967 Loving v. Virginia decision, the Supreme Court invalidated state laws banning what?

Interracial marriage

Why did Helen Gahagan Douglas oppose Truman's plan for dealing with the crisis in Greece?

What was the purpose of the National Security Act of 1947?

To place oversight of all branches of the military under the secretary of defense

How did the experience of World War II influence African American veterans returning from overseas?

It increased their resolve to fight racial injustices in the United States.

In February 1948, while Congress debated the Marshall Plan, the Soviet Union was

staging a coup and installing a Communist regime in Czechoslovakia.

Why did Helen Gahagan Douglas oppose Truman's plan for dealing with the crisis in Greece?

She wanted the United States to work through the United Nations.

The G.I. Bill help to boost the U.S. economy after World War II

with the provision of job training, education, and low-interest home loans.

How did President Truman's efforts to advance the cause of blacks' civil rights compare with those of previous presidents?

They were bold and forward-looking.

What was one consequence of the Korean War?

A massive increase in U.S. defense spending

The National Security Council was established to

advise the president on defense planning.

By 1947, the intense rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States was called

the Cold War.

Which factor aroused Soviet suspicions of the Western Allies during World War II?

The Western Allies' long delay in opening a second front in Western Europe

During the anti-Communist scare of the late 1940s and early 1950s,

federal employees were investigated for Communist subversion.

Which of the following was among the factors responsible for the post–World War II economic boom in the United States?

War-torn countries' spending on American products

The U.S. government's policy of containment was first implemented when President Truman asked Congress to send military and economic aid to

Greece and Turkey.

What impact did World War II have on the Soviet Union?

It killed more than twenty million Soviet citizens.

What occurred with the flight of the Chinese Nationalists from China in 1949?

The People's Republic of China was established.

Which of these men was the most infamous crusader against communism after World War II?

Joseph R. McCarthy

By 1936, how did many American radicals—including Communists and socialists—respond to the New Deal?

Opponents of the New Deal included business leaders and

some labor leaders.

In 1937, disgruntled workers at the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan, acted on their grievances by

staging a sit-down strike.

Which of the following describes the overall impact of the New Deal? 

It prevented the United States from turning toward authoritarian solutions to the nation's economic crisis.

The Wagner Act helped which of the following unions to mobilize organizing drives in major industries?

The Committee for Industrial Organization

The framers of Social Security agreed to fund the program

with tax contributions from workers and their employers.

What was the unifying basis of the New Deal coalition?

Members expressed faith that government would change things for the better.

Where did migrant workers seeking to escape the chronic drought of the Dust Bowl typically look for work in the 1930s?

California

By 1936, how did many American radicals—including Communists and socialists—respond to the New Deal?

They had begun to support the New Deal's relief programs and its encouragement of labor unions.

What was the outcome of the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act on Native Americans?

It restored Indians' right to own land communally and have greater control over their affairs.

Which of the following statements describes the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?

It set standards for wages and hours.

In order to win the presidential election in 1932, Roosevelt had to

unite the warring factions of the Democratic party.

On what criteria were benefits provided through Social Security?

Benefits were based on workers' contributions and years of work.

What belief lay at the foundation of Roosevelt's New Deal?

Capitalism held the solution to the nation's economic crisis.

Which of the following describes the experiences of Mexican Americans during the 1930s?

Thousands were deported, many with their American-born children.

What was the purpose of the Tennessee Valley Authority program that began in 1933?

It helped supply jobs and power to impoverished rural communities.

The New Deal made significant improvements in the quality of life in rural America by

providing electricity to rural communities through the Rural Electrification Administration.

In 1935, when President Roosevelt had the congressional majorities to support him, he began to

enact major new social welfare programs.

Which of the following describes the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)?

It guaranteed bank customers that the federal government would reimburse them for deposits if their bank failed.

What made the election of 1932 particularly historic?

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote, and Democrats swept both houses of Congress.

What was the three-part goal of Roosevelt's New Deal?

Relief, recovery, and reform

Why didn't southern tenant farmers benefit from the programs developed by the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Commodity Credit Corporation, and the Farm Credit Act?

The programs benefitted large farmers rather than tenant farmers who rented land.

How did President Roosevelt attempt to change the economy in 1937?

He decreased deficit spending.

Why did Roosevelt fail to push for more ambitious reforms for black Americans?

He could not afford to lose the support of southern Democrats for his New Deal agenda.

How did African Americans seek to escape the South's cotton fields and kitchens between 1915 and 1920?

How did African Americans seek to escape the South's cotton fields and kitchens between 1915 and 1920?

They left the South for northern industrial cities such as Detroit and Cleveland.

What motivated the rebellion of Mexican farmers led by Pancho Villa in 1916–17?

The rebels believed that the new American-backed government had betrayed the revolution's promise to help the common people.

Once Congress declared war against Germany in April 1917, President Wilson stated the Americans' goal in the war was to

vindicate the principles of peace and justice.

What was one result of the racial and demographic shifts that took place during World War I?

Race riots in two dozen northern cities

What was the outcome of the return to free enterprise in the United States after World War I

A rise in unemployment and new conflicts between business and labor

Which group of American senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles?

Republican isolationists

What event finally spurred the granting of suffrage to all American women in 1920?

Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment, which was subsequently ratified by two-thirds of the states.

Why did Germany decide to resume unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917?

It felt it could win the war before the United States could bring its army to Europe.

What did Mexican migrants to the American Southwest, immigrants from Europe, and black migrants from the South have in common?

All dreamed of a better life but found a mix of opportunity and disappointment.

How were Wilson's Fourteen Points honored in the Versailles treaty?

The treaty included the establishment of the League of Nations.

Which divisions did European countries establish before the outbreak of World War I?

The Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance

The U.S. government passed the Espionage Act, the Trading with the Enemy Act, and the Sedition Act during World War I to

punish anything it considered disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive.

What was the American Red scare of 1919 and 1920?

A fear of internal subversion and Communist revolution that resulted in suppression of dissent

What was the irony of the 369th Regiment of the 92nd Division winning more medals than any other American combat unit?

This black regiment had to serve with the French in order to be deployed in active combat versus a labor unit detail.

How did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in the case of Schenck v. United States (1919)?

It ruled that Charles Schenck's actions posed a clear and present danger to the nation in a time of war.

Which nation suffered the most casualties in World War I?

Germany

To ensure the loyalty of an immigrant nation to the cause of war, President Wilson

launched a government-sponsored propaganda campaign to foster patriotism among ethnic groups.

Which statement describes African Americans' participation in the war?

They accounted for 370,000 of American forces.

President Wilson created the Committee on Public Information to

stir up patriotism with posters, pamphlets, cartoons, and press releases.

Which precedent guided President Wilson's policies toward Latin America?

The Monroe Doctrine

Which of the following describes the relationship between the Southern Farmers' Alliance and the Colored Farmers' Alliance?

One of the root causes of the major strike at the Pullman plant in 1893 was

the company's attempts to control the work process.

Why did the American temperance movement attract women in the late nineteenth century?

Drunkenness adversely affected women in many ways.

Which of the following describes the relationship between the Southern Farmers' Alliance and the Colored Farmers' Alliance?

They attempted to make common cause.

Which event led to the end of the Pullman strike of 1893?

The courts issued an injunction leading to the imprisonment of Eugene Debs.

What issues formed the basis of farmers' dissatisfaction in the late nineteenth century?

Banking, railroading, and speculation

How did the federal government respond when American sugar interests requested that the United States annex Hawai'i in 1893?

President Grover Cleveland withdrew the annexation request from Congress when he learned that Hawaiians opposed it.

By 1900, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) could claim credit for

providing a generation of women with experience in political action.

What did the United States hope to secure through the Spanish-American War?

Cuban independence from Spain

What was one outcome of the depression of 1893 in the United States?

It put nearly half of the labor force out of work.

What was the impact of the 1896 election on the Populist party?

The Populist party was the biggest loser.

How did the Populists propose to help American farmers in the 1890s?

They recommended creating a government-sponsored subtreasury.

What made America's foreign policy paradoxical in 1900?

The country wanted to keep the Western Hemisphere closed to outside influences yet also desired access to Asia.

For what reason was it difficult for the United States to win control of the Philippines after 1898?

Filipino revolutionaries fought against the United States for seven years.

The 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the war with Spain ceded which islands to the United States?

Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

What were the chief priorities of American diplomacy at the end of the nineteenth century?

The protection of the Monroe Doctrine and Open Door Policy from German and Japanese expansion into the Pacific and Asia

What happened after the governor of Pennsylvania ordered 8,000 National Guard troops into Homestead?

Frick reopened the mill using strikebreakers for labor.

At the St. Louis People's party convention in 1896, the Populist delegates decided to

nominate Tom Watson for vice president.

Which of the following describes the National Woman Suffrage Association, which Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed in 1869?

It demanded the vote for women.

Which one of the United States allowed women to vote in 1890?

Wyoming

Suffragists suffered a bitter defeat in 1896 when a referendum on woman suffrage failed in which state?

California

Which of the following factors explains the high voter turnout in national elections during the last three decades of the nineteenth century?

Which of the following developments was a key factor in the rise of the Gilded Age?

The growth of industrialism in the United States

To what did the term solid South refer in the decades after Reconstruction?

The states of the old Confederacy, which voted Democratic in every election for the next seventy years

The turn of the twentieth century saw individual entrepreneurship in the United States yield to 

finance capitalism

Which of the following describes the Gilded Age?

An era marked by personal greed and a corrupt partnership between business and politics

Which group of Republicans fiercely supported the patronage system?

Stalwarts

Which of the following factors explains the high voter turnout in national elections during the last three decades of the nineteenth century?

Voting was an important way to get a government job

Which of the following was true of Standard Oil in the 1890s?

It controlled more than 90 percent of the oil business

According to American businessmen who subscribed to the economic theory of laissez-faire, what was the role of the government in the economy?

It should not interfere in economic affairs except to protect private property

Which of the following factors boosted nineteenth-century railroad construction in America significantly?

Monetary aid and land grants from federal and state governments

According to Ida B. Wells, lynching was a problem rooted in

economics and the shifting social structure of the South

Which group enthusiastically supported the tariff in the nineteenth century?

Industrialists

What was evident in the call for a New South in the decades after Reconstruction?

The desire among some southerners to shift to an industrial economy

What was the purpose of vertical integration, which was pioneered by Andrew Carnegie in the late nineteenth century?

It placed all aspects of the business, from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products, under the control of the chief operating officer

What did the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act have in common?

Both testified to the nation's growing willingness to use federal measures to intervene in big business on behalf of the public interest

How effective was the Interstate Commerce Commission, the nation's first federal regulatory agency?

It was so weak in its early years that it served as little more than a historical precedent

The presidents who served in the last part of the nineteenth century—Rutherford B. Hayes through William McKinley—

were overshadowed by party politics at state and local levels

What idea was promoted by the theory of social Darwinism in the late nineteenth century?

Progress is the result of competition where the strong survived and the weak died out

In her History of the Standard Oil Company published in McClure's Magazine, Ida M. Tarbell characterized John D. Rockefeller as

a man who had used illegal methods to take over the oil industry

The tariff posed a threat to America's prosperity in the 1880s because

it created a surplus that was not used to produce goods and services

How did American women respond to the denial of their right to vote in the late nineteenth century?

They participated in the political process though the antilynching, suffrage, and temperance movements