Steve Kerr’s phenomenon, “the folly of rewarding A while hoping for B” is demonstrated by

In expectancy theory, valence is

a. the perception that high levels of effort will lead to outcomes of interest like performance.

b. the perception that performance is related to subsequent outcomes such as rewards.

c. the anticipated satisfaction that will result from an outcome.

d. the degree to which people are treated with respect, kindness, and dignity.

(c) Easy/Knowledge

72. To influence instrumentality, managers can

a. ensure that environment facilitates performance.

b. give employees choice over rewards.

c. consistently reward high performers.

d. encourage people to believe their effort makes a difference.

(c) Medium/Application

73. Steve Kerr’s phenomenon, “the folly of rewarding A while hoping for B” is demonstrated by

a. a manager failing to acknowledge an employee who stayed after hours for one week to complete a report for an ill coworker.

b. a manager who fears his top sales person will leave if he criticizes him for being 15 minutes late every day.

c. a manager who promotes a subordinate known for his propensity to argue with his coworkers so that subordinate can be transferred to another department where an individual just retired.

d. rewarding a manager who orders the release of a shipment of manufactured parts full of defects to meet a deadline in spite of the company’s highly advertised quality commitment.

(d) Difficult/Application

74. Negative reinforcement

a. decreases the desired behavior.

b. decreases the frequency of negative behavior.

c. increases the desired behavior.

d. reduces the frequency of undesired behavior.

(c) Easy/Knowledge

75. Positive reinforcement

a. decreases the desired behavior.

b. decreases the frequency of negative behavior.

c. increases the desired behavior.

d. reduces the frequency of undesired behavior.

(c) Easy/Knowledge

76. An example of extinction is

a. nagging an employee to call a customer.

b. suspending an employee for being late three days in a row.

c. praising an employee for a well written report.

d. ignoring a coworker who is telling dirty jokes.

(d) Medium/Comprehension

77. When reinforcers follow all examples of positive behavior you are using a __________ ___________ of reinforcement.

a. variable ratio

b. equity ratio

c. continuous schedule

d. fixed ratio schedule

(c) Medium/Comprehension

78. Praising the employee occasionally when the person shows up on time is an example of __________________ of reinforcement.

a. variable ratio

b. equity ratio

c. continuous schedule

d. fixed ratio schedule

(a) Medium/Application

79. All of the following are tips to make disciplining an employee more effective EXCEPT

a. discipline when you have time.

b. be consistent in your treatment of employees.

c. determine if punishment is the effective way to modify behavior.

d. document behavior.

(a) Medium/Synthesis

80. Which of the following statements is NOT an effective approach to disciplining employees?

a. Carrots can be more effective than sticks.

b. Unfair punishment may not change unwanted behavior.

c. No two employees or incidents are the same, so no two employee should be disciplined the same way.

d. Discipline is not the most effective way for changing behavior in the long term.

(c) Medium/Synthesis

81. The first step of an organizational behavior modification program is

a. evaluate and maintain.

b. identify behavior to be modified.

c. analyze behavior antecedents and outcomes.

d. measure the baseline level.

(b) Easy/Knowledge

82. When organizational behavior modification is used to examine employee absenteeism, which step looks at why employees are absent?

a. Step 5: Evaluate and maintain.

b. Step 1: Identify behavior to modify.

c. Step 3: Analyze behavior antecedents and outcomes.

d. Step 2: Measure the baseline level.

(c) Easy/Comprehension