. ___________ are those who expect substantial compensation for little input.
(Entitleds)
113. The perception that high levels of effort will lead to performance is called __________.
(expectancy)
114. Mario is making sure that his subordinates view rewards offered by the firm as desirable. Mario is attempting to influence the _________ element of expectancy theory.
(valence)
115. The degree to which employees believe that their performance will result in rewards is called _____________.
(instrumentality)
116. ____________ is based on the work of Ivan Pavlov on behavioral conditioning and B. F. Skinner on operant conditioning.
(Reinforcement theory)
117. The professor is praising the student for an outstanding PowerPoint presentation. The professor is practicing _________ ___________ to get the student to do as well the next time he presents.
(positive reinforcement)
118. The XYZ Corporation just announced a new bonus program where managers can provide “on the spot” bonuses for an exceptional job done that day. XYZ is proposing to offer bonuses on a _____________ _____________ schedule.
(variable ratio)
119. Equity and expectancy theories are examples of ________-based theories of motivation.
(process)
120. ERG theory is to _______ ________ motivation theories as equity theory is to ________ ______ motivation theories.
(need-based, process-based)
121. Of the need-based theories mentioned in the text, _________ ________ __________ theory has received the most support.
(McClelland’s acquired needs)
122. Research suggests that low power distance cultures value __________more than high power/distance cultures.
(voice)
SHORT ANSWERS
123. Describe how motivation determines employee performance.
Job performance is a function of the interaction between a person’s motivation, ability and environment. Motivation, the intention of achieving a goal, helps a person try hard to accomplish a certain task. Motivation, is not, however, sufficient for high performance and not the key reason why people perform well, but is a key influence on performance.
124. Compare and contrast Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to Alderfer’s ERG theory.
Both Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Alderfer’s ERG theory are need-based theories.
Maslow suggests there are five basic human needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization, which are arranged in a hierarchy. As one need is satisfied, the next need in the hierarchy drives behavior.
Alderfer modifies Maslow’s theory by proposing that there are three needs, existence, relatedness and growth. These needs are not arranged hierarchically, but grouped as categories. Consequently Alderfer is proposing that more than one need may operate at any time. In addition, Alderfer proposes a “frustration-regression hypothesis” in his theory. The hypothesis suggests that individuals who are frustrated when trying to satisfy one need may regress to another.
